َ إِنَّمَا يَنْهَاكُمُ اللَّهُ عَنِ الَّذِينَ قَاتَلُوكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ وَأَخْرَجُوكُمْ مِنْ دِيَارِكُمْ وَظَاهَرُوا عَلَى إِخْرَاجِكُمْ أَنْ تَوَلَّوْهُمْ وَمَنْ يَتَوَلَّهُمْ فَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الظَّالِمُونَ ﴿۹﴾ يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذَا جَاءَكُمُ الْمُؤْمِنَاتُ مُهَاجِرَاتٍ فَامْتَحِنُوهُنَّ اللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ بِإِيمَانِهِنَّ فَإِنْ عَلِمْتُمُوهُنَّ مُؤْمِنَاتٍ فَلَا تَرْجِعُوهُنَّ إِلَى الْكُفَّارِ لَا هُنَّ حِلٌّ لَهُمْ وَلَا هُمْ يَحِلُّونَ لَهُنَّ وَآتُوهُمْ مَا أَنْفَقُوا وَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ أَنْ تَنْكِحُوهُنَّ إِذَا آتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ أُجُورَهُنَّ وَلَا تُمْسِكُوا بِعِصَمِ الْكَوَافِرِ وَاسْأَلُوا مَا أَنْفَقْتُمْ وَلْيَسْأَلُوا مَا أَنْفَقُوا ذَلِكُمْ حُكْمُ اللَّهِ يَحْكُمُ بَيْنَكُمْ وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ ﴿۱۰﴾

﴾9﴿ Innamaa yanhaakumul laahu 'anil lazeena qaatalookum fid deeni wa akhrajookum min diyaarikum wa zaaharoo 'alaa ikhraajikum an tawallawhum; wa many yatawallahum fa ulaaa'ika humuz zaalimoon
﴾10﴿ Yaaa ayyuhal lazeena aamanoo izaa jaaa'akumul mu'minaatu muhaajiraatin famtahinoo hunn; Allaahu a'lamu bi eemaani hinn; fa in 'alimtumoo hunna mu'minaatin falaa tarji'oo hunna ilal kuffaar; laa hunna hillul lahum wa laa hum yahilloona lahunna wa aatoohum maa anfaqoo wa laa junaaha 'alaikum an tankihoohunna izaaa aataitumoohunna ujoorahunn; wa laa tumsikoo bi 'isamil kawaafir; was'aloo maaa anfaqtum walyas'aloo maaa anfaqoo; zaalikum hukmul laahi yahkumu bainakum; wallaahu 'aleemun hakeem

﴾9﴿ Allah only forbids you from befriending those who fight against you because of your religion, expel you from your homes, and assist in your expulsion. And whoever befriends them—then they are the wrongdoers
﴾10﴿ O believers! When believing women come to you as emigrants, test their faith—Allah knows best their faith. If you ascertain that they are true believers, then do not return them to the disbelievers. They are not lawful (wives) for them, nor are (the disbelievers) lawful (husbands) for them. Give (the disbelievers) back what they had spent (as dowry), and there is no sin upon you if you marry them, provided you give them their due dowries. And do not hold on to marriage bonds with disbelieving women, but ask for (the return of) what you have spent, and let them (the disbelievers) ask for what they had spent. This is Allah’s decree; He judges between you. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise

[9] In this verse, the second type of disbelievers is mentioned, with whom all forms of kindness and alliance are forbidden. These are the opposing wrongdoers.
Their enmity is manifested in three ways: fighting against the believers, driving them out of their homeland, and helping other enemies against them.
If even one of these three actions is found in them, they fall into this category.
[10] Since disavowal (barā’ah) from the disbelievers was commanded at the beginning of the surah, its implication is that marital ties between believers and disbelievers must also come to an end. This verse mentions that ruling.
The verse contains six rulings:
1. Testing the migrating women,
2. Not returning them to the disbelievers,
3. Prohibition of marriage between believing women and disbelieving men, and vice versa,
4. Returning the dowry and wealth to the disbelievers,
5. Releasing polytheist women from marriage,
6. Demanding one's rightful wealth back from the disbelievers.
The reason for these rulings was that during the Treaty of Ḥudaybiyyah, one condition was that anyone who migrated from the disbelievers to the believers would be returned to the disbelievers.
When some women migrated from Mecca to Madinah during this time, the disbelievers demanded they be sent back. Then Allah the Exalted revealed this verse, clarifying that the condition of returning applied only to men, not to women.
(فَامْتَحِنُوهُنَّ) — Since there are many motives for migration — especially in the case of women, like conflict with a husband, affection for someone else, or a desire to harm the husband — testing is necessary to determine if their migration is purely for faith or not.
(فَإِنْ عَلِمْتُمُوهُنَّ مُؤْمِنَاتٍ) — through oaths, verbal testimony, and other signs, a strong assumption is formed, and in Shariah, this is also referred to as "knowledge", as in Sūrah Yūsuf (12:81).
(لَا هُنَّ حِلٌّ لَهُمْ) — In the early days of Islam, marriage between believers and polytheists was permissible. For this reason, some daughters of the Prophet (May Allah bless him and give him peace) were married to polytheists. This verse brought its prohibition.
(وَآتُوهُمْ مَا أَنْفَقُوا) — This ruling is specific to times of peace between the believers and the disbelievers, such as during the Treaty of Ḥudaybiyyah. This is the view of Qatādah (may Allah have mercy on him), and it is correct. What they spent refers to the dowry the husband gave and any prior financial support.
(وَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ أَنْ تَنْكِحُوهُنَّ) — Even though the polytheist husband did not divorce the woman, the marriage bond was broken. So, after a waiting period or the end of ʿiddah, marriage to a Muslim is permissible.
(وَلَا تُمْسِكُوا بِعِصَمِ الْكَوَافِرِ) — Meaning: when the marriage between a believer and a polytheist woman is broken, likewise, the marriage of a disbeliever with a believing woman ends.
It is the consensus of the commentators that this refers to non-Ahl al-Kitāb polytheists, and the ruling for women of the People of the Book is separately mentioned in Sūrah al-Mā’idah (5:5).
(وَاسْأَلُوا مَا أَنْفَقْتُمْ) — This, by consensus, applies during the time of treaties and peace, and it indicates that this is a mutual right due to the pact.